To read Mughal History, Click here: Mughal History
history before Sultanate, Click here: Before sultanate
to read of Delhi Sultanate, Click here: Delhi Sultanate
For Indian Modern History, Click here: Modern Indian History
=>Eras of History:
Timeline Of Indian History:
Ancient India
=>Indus Valley Civilization(IVC): dwelt from 3300 to 1300 BC. Harappa: discovered by R. D. Dayaram Sahni in
1921. Mohenjodaro: Discovered by
R. D. Banerjee in 1922. Covered parts of Punjab, Sindh,
Baluchistan, Gujrat, Rajasthan & parts of Western UP. Cities: Harappa-on Ravi in Pakistan. Mohenjodaro-on Indus in Pakistan. Chanhu
Daro-in Sindh in Pakistan. Lothal-in Gujrat. Kalibangan-in
Rajasthan & Banwali-in Hissar (Haryana).
Its notable features: Elaborate Town Planning, Roads, wells, Good drainage System. Crops: Wheat, Barley, Date palm & Cotton. Pastime: Gambling. Worship: Mother Goddess. Script: Not deciphered yet, was not alphabetically but Pictographical. IVC culture lasted for 1000 years. Reason for its disappearance: 1) Invasion of Aryans 2)recurrent Floods 3) Social breakup of IVC 4)Earthquake.
Its notable features: Elaborate Town Planning, Roads, wells, Good drainage System. Crops: Wheat, Barley, Date palm & Cotton. Pastime: Gambling. Worship: Mother Goddess. Script: Not deciphered yet, was not alphabetically but Pictographical. IVC culture lasted for 1000 years. Reason for its disappearance: 1) Invasion of Aryans 2)recurrent Floods 3) Social breakup of IVC 4)Earthquake.
=> The Vedic Literature:
@Vedas:
1) Rigveda: the oldest text in the world, a collection of hymns, recited
at the time of Sacrificial rites or other rituals with utmost devotion. It
contains 1028 hymns
(SUKTAS) & divided into 10 Mandals(
1017 + 11 valakhilyas). 2) Sam Veda:
a collection of melodies. 3) Yajur Veda: details the procedure for
sacrifices. 4) Atharva Veda: Deals with Magic.
@Upvedas:
Vedas
|
Upvedas
|
Vedas
|
Upvedas
|
Rig Veda
|
Ayurveda
|
Yajur Veda
|
Dhanurveda
|
Sam Veda
|
Gandharva Veda
|
Atharva Veda
|
Shilpa Veda
|
@Brahmans: They
explain the hymns of the Vedas in an orthodox manner.
@The Aranyakas: called Forest Books, written mainly for the hermits & students living in forests.
@The Aranyakas: called Forest Books, written mainly for the hermits & students living in forests.
@The Upnishads: the term means to sit down near
someone & denotes a student sitting near his guru to learn. 108 Upanishads in number. They are Main source of Indian
Philosophy.
@Smritis: Explain rules & regulations in
the Vedic Life. Main Smritis- Manusmriti,
Naradsmriti, Yagyavalkyasmriti & Parasharsmriti.
@Vedangas: There are 6 vedangas, as 1) Shiksha, 2) Kalpa
3)Vyakarana 4) Nirukta 5) Chhanda 6) Jyotisha. Trick to remember: ShiKVa Ni CHHa Jyo.
@Darshans:
There are 6 schools of Indian Philosophy known as Darshans, Which
are mentioned here: (Acronym: NgVkSk
YpPjVbv)
Darshan
|
Exponent
|
Darshan
|
Exponent
|
1)Nyaya
|
Gautama
|
2)Vaishesika
|
Kannada Rishi
|
3)Sankhya
|
Kapila
|
4)Yoga
|
Patanjali
|
5)Purva Mimansa
|
Jaimini
|
6)Uttara Mimansa
|
Badaryana or Vyasa.
|
@Upvedas:
Vedas
|
Upvedas
|
Vedas
|
Upvedas
|
Rig Veda
|
Ayurveda
|
Yajur Veda
|
Dhanurveda
|
Sam Veda
|
Gandharva Veda
|
Atharva veda
|
Shilpa Veda
|
=>Buddhism: The Buddha: Also known as Sakya
Muni or Tathagata, born in 563 BC on Vaishakha Purnima Day at Lumbini (near Kapil
Vastu) in Nepal, Father: Suddhodhana, a Saka Ruler. Mother:
Mahamaya died after 7 days of his
birth, was brought up by stepmother Gautami. Married to Yashodhara at age
of 16 years, enjoyed married life for 13 years, had a son named Rahul.
Left his palace at the age of 29 years (with Channa, the charioteer
& Kanthaka, his favorite horse
in the search of truth. ( This episode is called Mahabhinishkramana or Great
Reincarnation.) & wandered for 6 years. He attained
Enlightenment at 35 at Gaya in Magadh(Bihar) under Peepal tree. He delivered
his 1st sermon at Sarnath( This episode is called Dharmachakrapravartan or Turning of the Wheel
of Law). Attained Mahaparinirvana(death)
at Kushinagar(Gorakhpur Distt.) in 483 BC at the age of 80 years.
=>Events Related to Tathagat: Mahabhinishkramana
or Great Reincarnation, Dharmachakrapravartan
or Turning of the Wheel of Law, Mahaparinirvana
or death
=> Buddhist Councils:
Council
|
Place
|
Year
|
Chairman
|
Purpose
|
1st
|
Rajgriha
|
483 BC
|
Mahakassapa
|
Teachings of Buddha
divided into 2 Pitakas.
|
2nd
|
Vaishali
|
383 BC
|
Sabakami
|
Followers divided into 2, Sthaviras
& Mahasaṃghikas.
|
3rd
|
PataliPutra
|
250 BC
|
Mogalputta Tisa
|
The 3rd
part of Tripitaka was coded in Pali
language.
|
4th
|
Kashmir
|
72 AD
|
Vasumitra
|
Divided into 2 as
Mahayana & Hinayana
|
=>Jainism: Founded by Rishabha, there were24 Thirthankaras (Prophets or Gurus), all were Kshatriyas.
1st Rishabhnath (Emblem: Bull),
23rd Parshwanath (Emblem: Snake) &
24th Mahavira (Emblem: Lion).
23rd Parshwanath (Emblem: Snake) &
24th Mahavira (Emblem: Lion).
ð Jain Councils:
Council
|
Place
|
Chairman
|
Purpose
|
1st
|
Pataliputra
|
Sthulbhadra
|
Divided into Digambars & Shvetambars
|
2nd
|
Vallabhi
|
Devridhigani
|
All sacred books were written.
|
=>Dynasties & Rulers in Ancient India:
1)Hiryanka Dynasty: (544 BC-460BC)
Bimbsara – Contemporary of Buddha, Ajatshatru – Buddha
died during his Rein, Arranged 1st Buddhist Council.
2)Shishunaga Dynasty: Founded by minister Shishunaga.
3) Nanda Dynasty: Founded by Mahapadnama, 1st Non-Kshatriya
dynasty. Alexander attached India during their reign. Dhana Nanda
faced Alexander.
4) The Maurya Dynasty(322-232 BC): founded by Chandragupta
Maurya, assisted by Chanakya(the author of “Arthashastra”), Chandragupta
defeated Seleucus, the general of Alexandar,
Seleucus sent “Magasthenes” (author of 'Indica' ) to his court. .
Bindusara: Greek Ambassador, “Deimachos”
visited his court. Bindusara Was fondly called “Amitra Ghat” by Greek writers. Ashoka is regarded as the greatest king of all writers. Fought Kalinga war in 262 BC, then became a
Buddhist. The emblem of the Indian Republic has been adopted from the 4 lion
capital of Ashokan Pillar at Sarnath.
5)The Indo-Greeks: The most famous Indo-Greek ruler was Menander, also know as Milinda. He was converted to Buddhism by Nagasena( mentioned in “Milind Panho” or the questions of Milind). Greeks were the 1st rulers ton issue Gold Coins in India.
9)The Sunga Dynasty: founded by Pushyamitra,
‘MAHABHASHYA” was written by “Patanjali” during
their reign.
5)The Indo-Greeks: The most famous Indo-Greek ruler was Menander, also know as Milinda. He was converted to Buddhism by Nagasena( mentioned in “Milind Panho” or the questions of Milind). Greeks were the 1st rulers ton issue Gold Coins in India.
6) The Shakas: The Greeks were followed by Shakas, who
controlled a larger part of India.
7)The Parthians: The most famous Parthian king was Gondophernes (AD
19-45), in whose reign St. Thomas is said to visit
to India for the propagation of Christianity.
8)The Kushans: came from North Central Asia
near Asia. Kanishka was the most famous king, who started a new Era “Saka” in 78 AD & is used by Govt. Of India.
10)The
Kanva Dynasty (75-30 BC): A short-lived dynasty, founded by Vasudeva, who
had killed Devbhutti. They were swept away by Satavahans of the Deccan.
11) The
Satavahanas(60BC-250 AD): They were successors of Mauryas in The
Deccan & Central India. Important King was “GautmiPutra Satakarni”. Issued Lead
coins apart from Copper & Bronze.
They are regarded as a bridge between North &
South India.
12) The
Pandyas: Their capital-Madurai, profited from trade with
the Roman Empire.
13) The
Cholas: Their kingdom was
called Cholamadalam or coromandel, capital was Kaveripattanam/Puhar. The main source of
wealth was a trade in Cotton Cloth, which maintained an efficient navy.
14) The
Cheras: Their capital- Vanji (also called Kerala
Country). Fought against the Cholas in 150 AD.
15) The
Gupta Dynasty: Chandragupta I-acquired the title of Maharajadhiraja, started the
Gupta era in 319 AD, married Kumara Devi, the
princess of Lichhavi Clan of Nepal.
Samudragupta- was a great warrior & was never
Defeated. Historian Vincent Smith called the
Napoleon of India. Chandragupta ii – took the title Vikramaditya. The Iron Pillar Inscription fixed near Qutub
Minar in Delhi mentions of him as Chandra. Had 9 celebrated gems (Navratna) in
his court including Kalidas & Amarsimha, Fahien visited at his time.
16) Pushybhuti
Dynasty:
Harsha Vardhan- Hien Tsang (Prince of Travellers) visited during his reign. Harsha wrote 3 Plays:
Priyadarshika, Ratnavali & Nagananda. Bhanabhatt was in his court, who wrote HarshaCharita & Kadambari.
17) Chalukyas( of Badami: Pulakesin-ii was their famous King.
18) The Rashtrakuts: Their king, Krishna-I is remembered for constructing the famous rock-cut Kailasha temple at Ellora.
18) The Rashtrakuts: Their king, Krishna-I is remembered for constructing the famous rock-cut Kailasha temple at Ellora.
19) The Pallavas: Founder Simha Vishnu(their capital was Kanchi). Their
greatest king - Narsimhavarman, who founded the town of Mamallapuram (Mahabalipuram), which is
adorned With beautiful Rock-cut Raths or Seven
Pagodas.
20) The Gangas: Their
king Narsimhadeva constructed the Sun Temple of Konark.Another
king Anantvarman Ganga built famous Jagannath Temple of Puri.
21) The Cholas(AD 846-1279): They are different from earlier Cholas. Founder- Vijayalaya Capital-Tanjore. Real Founder was Rajaram 1, who founded the largest dominion in South India. He constructed Rajarajeshwari Temple (Also known as Brihadeshwar shiva temple) at Thanjavur.
21) The Cholas(AD 846-1279): They are different from earlier Cholas. Founder- Vijayalaya Capital-Tanjore. Real Founder was Rajaram 1, who founded the largest dominion in South India. He constructed Rajarajeshwari Temple (Also known as Brihadeshwar shiva temple) at Thanjavur.
22) The
Palas of Bengal: Founded by Gopala(750 AD) who was elected by
People. Their Capital was Monghyr. Then came Dharmapala who founded Vikramshila
University & revived Nalanda University.
23) The Pratihars(or Gurjara Pratihara): Greatest King was Bhoja( also known as Mihir, Adivaraha for his devotion to Vishnu).
10) Ankorvat Temple-
Suryavarman II.
23) The Pratihars(or Gurjara Pratihara): Greatest King was Bhoja( also known as Mihir, Adivaraha for his devotion to Vishnu).
24) The
Rajputs:
Rajput Clan
|
The Area
|
1)Pratihara or Pariharas
|
South Rajasthan
|
2)Chauhans
|
East Rajasthan
|
3)Chalukyas or Solankts
|
Kathiarwar
|
4)Parmars or Pawars
|
Malwa.
|
=>Few more points:
1) Jeevak
was in the court of Bimbsar.
2) Charak was with Kanishka.
3) Harsha was
Shaiva earlier.
4)Allora Kailasha Temple- Rastrakutas.
5) Chalukya King Pulkesin II defeated Harsha.
5) Chalukya King Pulkesin II defeated Harsha.
6)Alwars- Vishnu devotees
7)Nyanars-Shiv Devotees
8) Chand Bar
Dai wrote “Prithvi Raj Raso”,
(Biography of
his patron King Prithvi Raj Chauhan.)
9) Khajurao Temple by Chandels.
11) Ajanta-Ellora cave - Satvahan.
12) Mahavira used PRAKRIT
13) Buddha used Pali.
14) Jain Books are called "AAGAM"
15) Battle of Jhelam(Vitasta): Between Alexander & Porus.
=>Poets/Writers & their Patron Kings:
Poet/Writer
|
Patron
King
|
Poet/Writer
|
Patron
King
|
Amarsimha
|
Chandra
Gupta2
|
Jinsena
|
Amoghavarsha
|
Ravi
Kirti
|
Pulkesin
II
|
Rajshekhar
|
Mahipala
|
ð
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