Indian Political System(Centre)
__To read about State Political System, Visit here: Political System At Stale Level
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Evolution of Indian Constitution:
=>That was the 1st effective attempt by the nationalists for Drafting the constitution of Independent India.
=>That India will be given the Status of “Dominion State” after the 2nd World War.
=> Separated provincial Subject from the central Subjects.
Amendment Act 101st relates to:
=>That India will be given the Status of “Dominion State” after the 2nd World War.
=> Separated provincial Subject from the central Subjects.
=>: Constitution was
framed by a Dr. Sachidanand Sinha as its Originally it has
Indian Constitution is said to be a 'bag of borrowing' as it incorporates various features directly from other constitutions worldwide: This pic, shows those sources:
Various
Schedules in Indian Constitution
Schedules are lists in the Constitution
of India that categorize and tabulate bureaucratic activities and policy of the
Government. Indian Constitution had originally eight schedules. The 9th
schedule was added via the First Amendment Act, while 10th Schedule was first added
by 35
First Schedule
First
schedule lists the states and territories on of India; lists any changes to
their borders and the laws used to make that change.
Second Schedule
Second
schedule lists the emoluments for holders of constitutional offices such as
salaries of President, Vice President, Ministers, Judges and Comptroller and
Auditor-General of India etc.
Third Schedule
This
schedule lists the various forms of oath for holders of various constitutional
offices.
Fourth Schedule
Fourth
schedule enumerates the allocation of Rajya Sabha seats to States or Union
Territories.
Fifth Schedule
This
schedule enumerates administration and control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled
Tribes (areas and tribes needing special protection due to disadvantageous
conditions).
·Scheduled Areas are autonomous areas within a
state, administered federally, usually populated by a predominant Scheduled
Tribe.
·Scheduled Tribes are groups of indigenous people,
identified in the Constitution, struggling socio-economically
Sixth Schedule
This schedule
comprises provisions for the administration of tribal areas in Assam,
Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram.
Seventh Schedule
This schedule
has divided the Union and State subjects on which they can make laws. It
comprises Union List, State List and Concurrent List.
Eighth Schedule
This schedule
lists the official languages of the Union.
Ninth Schedule
This schedule
enumerates land and tenure reforms; the accession of Sikkim with India.
Tenth Schedule
This schedule
comprises anti-defection provisions for Members of Parliament and Members of
the State Legislatures.
Eleventh Schedule
It was added
by 73rd amendment and has a list of subjects under the Panchayat Raj institutions
or rural local government.
Twelfth Schedule
It was added
by 74th amendment and enlists the subjects under Municipalities or urban local
government.
- The Schedules in Indian Constitution:
| 1st.Schedule |
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| 2nd.Schedule |
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| 3rd.Schedule |
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| 4th.Schedule |
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| 5th.Schedule |
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| 6th.Schedule |
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| 7th.Schedule |
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| 8th.Schedule |
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| 9th.Schedule |
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| 10th.Schedule |
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| 11th.Schedule |
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| 12th.Schedule |
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- Parts of Indian Constitution
| Part | Subject | Articles |
|---|---|---|
| Part I | The Union and its territory | Art. 1 to 4 |
| Part II | Citizenship | Art. 5 to 11 |
| Part III | Fundamental Rights | Art. 12 to 35 |
| Part IV | Directive Principles | Art. 36 to 51 |
| Part IVA | Fundamental Duties | Art. 51A |
| Part V | The Union | Art. 52 to 151 |
| Part VI | The States | Art. 152 to 237 |
| Part VII | Repealed by Const. (7th Amendment) Act, 1956 | |
| Part VIII | The Union Territories | Art. 239 to 242 |
| Part IX | The Panchayats | Art. 243 to 243O |
| Part IXA | The Municipalities | Art. 243P to 243ZG |
| Part IXB | The Co-operative Societies | Art. 243ZH to 243ZT |
| Part X | The Scheduled and Tribal Areas | Art. 244 to 244A |
| Part XI | Relations between the Union and the States | Art. 245 to 263 |
| Part XII | Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits | Art. 264 to 300A |
| Part XIII | Trade, Commerce and Intercourse within the Territory of India | Art. 301 to 307 |
| Part XIV | Services under the Union and the States | Art. 308 to 323 |
| Part XIVA | Tribunals | Art. 323A to 323B |
| Part XV | Elections | Art. 324 to 329A |
| Part XVI | Special provisions relating to certain classes | Art. 330 to 342 |
| Part XVII | Official Language | Art. 343 to 351 |
| Part XVIII | Emergency Provisions | Art. 352 to 360 |
| Part XIX | Miscellaneous | Art. 361 to 367 |
| Part XX | Amendment of the Constitution | Art. 368 |
| Part XXI | Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions | Art. 369 to 392 |
| Part XXII | Short title, commencement, authoritative text in Hindi and repeals | Art. 393 to 395 |
Borrowing Bag:
The Indian Constitution is
called a borrowing Bag, as it contains certain features
borrowed from different countries and details of those are given
in the table below:
S.No
|
Countries
|
Borrowed Features of Indian Constitution
|
1.
|
Australia
|
|
2.
|
Canada
|
|
3.
|
Ireland
|
|
4.
|
Japan
|
|
5.
|
Soviet Union (USSR) (now, Russia)
|
|
6.
|
UK
|
|
7.
|
US
|
|
8.
|
Germany (Weimar)
|
|
9.
|
South Africa
|
|
10.
|
France
|
|
=> Originally there were 7 Fundamental Rights.
Now, the right to property was removed, the right to property was initially present in the Indian
constitution under part III: Fundamental right, Article 31 but it was
abolished by 44th Amendment Act,1978. Initially, it was made a fundamental right to provide protection of property and give legality of land to the
people living in newly independent India. These are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to
35) of the Constitution of India.
by 42nd amendment in 1976 based on the
=>President:
=>India’s
National Insignia:
=>
Particulars
|
Fundamental Duties
|
Covered
|
Part IV A, Article 51 –A
|
Borrowed from
|
USSR
|
Amendment
|
42nd Amendment 1976, introduced Article 51 A in the constitution
|
Recommended by
| |
Numbers
|
Originally -10 duties
Now -11 duties (added bye 86th |
List of Fundamental Duties
|
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
|
by 42nd amendment in 1976 based on the
Panchayat Raj System: 
Panchayati Raj system is also called LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT.
Panchayati Raj system is also called LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT.
=>President:
Qualification: Must be a citizen of India, should
have complete the age of 35 years, Eligible to be a member of Lok sabha, Must
not hold any Government Post (Exceptions: President, Vice-president, Governor
of any state, minister of any state or Union.)
Election: Elected indirectly through
Term & Emolutions: This office bearer has a term of 5
years. Can resign to Vice-President. Salary: ₹500,000 (US$7,000) + Other allowances fixed
to President of India.
Impeachment: can be
impeached on the ground of violation of the constitution. The impeachment procedure
can be initiated in any house of Parliament.
Vacancy:
In the case of office falls vacant due to
death, resignation, or removal, the vice president acts as president. If he is
not available, then CJI, if even not available then senior-most judge of
Supreme court will act as the President.
Powers
·Appoints PM,
Union Ministers, CJI & other Judges of Supreme court & High courts, CM &
members of UPSC, Comptroller & Auditor-General, Chief Election Commissioner
& other members of Election commission, State governors, Members of Finance
Commission, Ambassadors Etc.
·Can summon &
prorogue the sessions of the 2 houses & can dissolve Lok Sabha.
·Nominates 12
members to Rajya Sabha, 2 members of the Anglo-Indian community if they don’t have adequate
representation in Lok Sabha.
·Can declare
Emergency.
·Is the
supreme commander of Army, Navy & Air Force.
·Represents
country in International Forums, Sends ambassadors & receives diplomats.
International treaties & agreements are concluded on his behalf.
=>Vice-President:
· Elected by both the houses (Electoral College) in accordance with the system of proportional representation through a single transferable vote being secret
Can be removed by 2/3 majority of Rajya Sabha & likewise agreed by Lok Sabha.
· Is the Ex-Officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha [
· All bills, resolution, motion can be taken in Rajya Sabha after his consent.
· Can discharge the function of the president if the post falls vacant [For maximum 6 months].
=>Vice-President:
· Elected by both the houses (Electoral College) in accordance with the system of proportional representation through a single transferable vote being secret
Can be removed by 2/3 majority of Rajya Sabha & likewise agreed by Lok Sabha.
· Is the Ex-Officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha [
· All bills, resolution, motion can be taken in Rajya Sabha after his consent.
· Can discharge the function of the president if the post falls vacant [For maximum 6 months].
=>
2.Gets the same salary as other MPs. Besides, he gets some more allowances.
3.All the powers of the President are actually the
power of PM.
=>
It consists of Prime-Minister & his
ministers. There are 3 types of Ministers, viz.
1.Minister of Cabinet Rank: Real policymakers, All cabinet meeting are not attended by other ministers but Cabinet Minister only.
1.Minister of Cabinet Rank: Real policymakers, All cabinet meeting are not attended by other ministers but Cabinet Minister only.
2.Minister
of state: can have an independent charge or attached to a
cabinet minister.
3.Deputy
Minister: don’t hold an independent charge.
➤ A person can remain a minister without being a member of either house up to 6 months.
=>
Lok Sabha:
Lok Sabha:
Its maximum strength is 550 + 2 [530
from States, 20 from UTs + 2 nominated]; The maximum number of 80 seats of Lok Sabha has been allocated to Uttar Pradesh. Qualification:
Citizen of India, at least 25 years of age, should hold no office of
Profit. No unsound mind/ insolvent. Be registered as a voter in any Parliamentary
Constituency. Presiding Officer is Speaker( in his absence Deputy Speaker).
Members elect speaker among - themselves. Very 1st speaker of Lok Sabha was G.V.
Mavalankar (15.05.1952- 07.02. 1956)
Rajya Sabha:
Article 80 of the Constitution
lays down the maximum strength of Rajya Sabha as 250, out of which 12 members
are nominated by the President and 238 are representatives of the States and of
the two Union Territories. The present strength of Rajya Sabha, however,
is 245, out of which 233 are representatives of the States and Union
territories of Delhi and Puducherry and 12 are nominated by the President. The
members nominated by the President are persons having special knowledge or
practical experience in respect of such matters as literature, science, art, and
social service. The allocation of seats is made based on the population of each State. The Fourth Schedule to the Constitution provides for the allocation of seats to the States and Union Territories in Rajya Sabha. Max. no. of seats are allocated to Uttar Pradesh as 31 in No.
![*]()
Ø of India with other 33 Judges
![*]()
[With a huge backlog of cases in the top court, the government had recently increased the strength of its judges from 31 to 34, including the Chief Justice of India & 33 other Judges]
=>Judiciary System in India:
Writs under the Indian Constitution: The constitution of India identifies the following “five kinds of writs”:
Ø Habeas corpus Ø Prohibition Ø Certiorari Ø Mandamus > Quo warrant
Type of Writs
|
Meaning of the word
|
Purpose of issue
|
Habeas Corpus
|
You may have the body
|
To release a person who has been detained unlawfully whether in prison
or in private custody.
|
Mandamus
|
we Command
|
To secure the performance of public duties by a lower court, tribunal or
public authority.
|
Certiorari
|
To be certified
|
To quash the order already passed by an inferior court, tribunal or
quasi-judicial authority.
|
Prohibition
|
-
|
To prohibit an inferior court from continuing the proceedings in a
particular case where it has no jurisdiction to try.
|
Quo Warranto
|
What is your authority?
|
To restrain a person from holding a public office which he is not
entitled.
|
Differences between States & Union Territory by the Indian Constitution:
5 Writs in Indian Constitution:
1.Habeas Corpus
2. MANDAMUS
3. PROHIBITION
4. CERTIORARI
5. Quo Warranto
Amending the Constitution:
Recently, The need of one nation,one election is seen imperative, as the vast extent of country & its division in Federal units lead to the continuous ongoing of Electrol process, that means hampering the proper functioning and proper implementation of development Plans. Hence, the principle of "One nation , one election" is being advocated. These is the concept, for & against views: 
=> Elections in India:
=>India’s
National Insignia:
§National
Emblem: The
state emblem of India is an adaption from the Sarnath Lion, Capital of Ashoka
the emperor as preserved in the Sarnath Museum. The words “Satyamev
Jayte” from the Mundaka Upanishad meaning “Truth
only truiphs” are inscribed below the Abacus in Devanagari
Script
§The
National Flag: The national
flag is horizontal Tri-Color of Deep Saffron (Kesari) at the top, white in the
middle & the dark green at the bottom in equal proportion, In the center of
the white band is a wheel, in navy Blue, its design is that of the wheel
which appears on the abacus of the Sarnath lion capital of Ashoka. Its diameter
approximates the width of the white band. It has 24
spokes. Its design was adopted by Constituent
Assembly of India on 22nd July 1947, Its use & display are
regulated by a code.
§National Anthem: Ravindernath Tagore’s song “Jan Gana Mana” was adopted by the constituent assembly as the National Anthem of India on 24“Vande Mataram” the national song honor. It was 1
The song
§National Anthem: Ravindernath Tagore’s song “Jan Gana Mana” was adopted by the constituent assembly as the National Anthem of India on 24“Vande Mataram” the national song honor. It was 1
The song
=>How does RTI work:
=>Center-State Relations:
Nice
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