Indian Modern History
To read a summary of Modern History, click here =>
Detailed Modern HISTORY, read here:
· Diwani: Shah Alam II gave the privilege of Revenue Collection
& delivering Civil Justice to East India Company for 26 lakh Rs.
· Nijamat: Shuja- Ud-Daula gave this power of administration,
Military power & Criminal Justice to East India Company for 5 lakh
Rs.
· Other Names of East India Company: Honourable East India Company, John Company, Company
Bahadur.
· Regulating Act of 1773: Supreme Court was set up in
Kolkata, Governor of Bengal became Governor-General of Bengal (1st being Warren Hastings.), Governor of Bombay & Madras were
made subordinates to Governor-General of Bengal.
· Pitts India Act 1784:Board of Control was created, Power of Patronage to Board of
Control, right of veto to Governor-General. No. of Court of Directors
reduced to 3.
· Mughal Emperor Jahangir: Gave permission to set up their Factory in Surat.
· Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar issued a firman to EIC in 1717 to trade
freely in Bengal.
· Haider Ali: established a modern Arsenal at Dindigul.
· Murshid Quli Khan: appointed Royal agents Ijaradars to collect revenue directly from
Ryots.
· Allies of Mir Qasim in the battle of Buxor: Shah-Ud Daula & Shah Alam II.
· Orissa Famine of Famine 1866: During Sir John Lawrence.
· Few Important Works:
Person
|
Work
|
Madhusudan
|
Mahanadbadh Kavya
|
Bankim Chandra
|
Devi Chaudharani
|
Dinabandhu Mitra
|
Neel Darpan
|
- Black Hole Episode: 20 June 1756. During Siraj Ud Daula.
- · Battle of Plassey: 23 June 1775, those who were with English Side: Mir Jafar, Mir Bakshi, Manik Chand (Officer of Kolkata), Jagat Seth (Banker of Bengal), Rai Durlabh & Khadam Khan. ( Important Nawab Officers), Siraj was killed by Miran s/o Mir Jafar.
- · Battle of Buxor: 1764, Between British Co. & 3 allies(Nawab of Bengal Mir Qasim, Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II & Nawab of Awadh Shuja Ud Daula ); Ended with Treaty of Allahabad.
- · European in India: Portuguese, Dutch, English, French & Denish.
- · Warren Hastings: Started “Kolkatta Madarsa” in 1781.
- · Jonathan Duncan: Started a Sanskrit College in 1791.
·
· Walesly: Founded the Fort William college for
English officers to learn Indian Culture etc.
· British Government: Gave one lakh rupees for the
development of Education in India. In 1813.
· William Bentick: asked for more development of
English Language in India. In 1835.
- Wood’s despatch: !854, suggested the Government to take responsibility for the Development of Education. But the British decided to go for DOWNWARD FILTRATION THEORY.
- · Universities were founded in: Bombay, Madras & Kolkata in 1857.
- · Hunter commission: 1882, to review the progress of Education since Wood’s despatch. It also suggested of vernacular as a medium of education in Primary Level.
- · The practice of Sat, Female infanticide: was banned and tagged it as Outlaw in 1829 by William Bentick.,
- · Widow Remarry & Regulation of Age of marriage, both for Boys & Girls: in 1856. It was drafted by Lord Dalhousie and passed by Lord Dalhousie.
- The resistance of British Rule: The Revolt Of 1857:Background: Dalhousie Regime added to the discontentment of Masses, like: 1) Treatment with Nana Saheb (S/O Bajirao II) 2) Religious lands were to pay taxes. 3)Sati, female infanticide, widow remarriage, caste/religious marks banned in Army.
·
· Different Centers & their Leaders:
Place
|
Leaders
|
Kanpur
|
Nana Saheb assisted by Tatya Tope
|
Lucknow
|
Hazrat Mahal
|
Jhansi
|
Rani Lakshmi Bai
|
Bareli
|
Khan Bahadur Khan.
|
·
· End of Revolt: Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah was arrested
& deported to RANGOON. Nana Saheb escaped to Nepal.
·
· Indian States who turned loyal to
British: Scindhia(Gwalior),
Nizam of Hyderabad & several princes of Rajputana
Peasant Organizations:
1. Agricultural Labour Union: by N.G. Ranga in Guntur in 1923.
Peasant Organizations:
1. Agricultural Labour Union: by N.G. Ranga in Guntur in 1923.
2. Kishan Sabha: In Bengal, Bihar, UP & Punjab
in 1926-27.
3. All India Kishan Sabha: By Swami Sahajanand Saraswati in 1936. All India Kisan Sabha (All India
Peasants Union, also known as the Akhil Bharatiya Kisan Sabha), was the
name of the peasants front of the Communist Party of India, an important
peasant Movement.
4. Bakhsat Movement: By Swami Sahajanand Saraswati, Saraswati organized the
Bakasht Movement in Bihar in 1937–1938. "Bakasht" means
self-cultivated. The movement was against the eviction of tenants from Bakasht
lands by Zamindars and led to the passing of the Bihar Tenancy Act and the
Bakasht Land Tax.[. He also led the successful struggle
in the Dalmia Sugar Mill at Bihta, where peasant-worker unity was the most
important characteristic.
Few important Cultural Organizations:
·
Brahm
Samaj: By
Raja Ram Mohan Roy in 1925, After the death of Raja Ram Mohan Roy, it
bifurcated in two 1) under Keshav Chandra Sen, 2) under Debendra Nath Tagore.
· Dharma Sabha: organized by Raja Radha Kant Deb.
· Prarthna Samaj: Founded by Atmaram Panduranga in 1867.
the movement gained momentum and popularity after scholar and reformer Mahadev
Govind Ranade & R.G. Bhandarkar joined it.
· Arya Samaj: Founded by Dayanand Saraswati in 1875 in Bombay. Later Head Quarter
was shifted to Lahore. His book- Satyarth Prakash & his call “back to Vedas”. He criticized Child Marriage, Idol Worship. He started a movement named “SHUDDHI
MOVEMENT”, to bring & admit back all those people who had abandoned
Hinduism. His political Slogan was “INDIA FOR INDIANS”.
· Ram Krishan Mission: Ramakrishna mission (RKM) is a
Hindu religious and spiritual organization that forms the core of a worldwide
spiritual movement known as the Ramakrishna Movement or
the Vedanta Movement. The mission is named after and inspired
by the Indian saint Ramkrishna Paramhansa and founded by Ramakrishna's
chief disciple Swami Vivekanand on 1 May 1897 The organization mainly
propagates the Hindu Philosophy of Vedanta- Advaita and four
yogic ideals– Jnana,
Bhakti, Karma, and Raja Yogi.
· =>Theosophical Society: The Theosophical Society is an organization formed in the United States in 1875 by Helena Blavatsky to advance Theosophy. The Theosophical Society was founded by Madame Blavatsky and Col. Olcott in New York in 1875. The founders arrived in India in January 1879 and established the headquarters of the Society at Adyar near Madras.
· => Aligarh Movement: by Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan to unite
all Indian Muslims to follow Modern Science & British Rule. Also, he urged to
accept services under British Govt. He criticized the system of “ PIRI &
MURIDI”. He propagated his ideas in his magazine “TEHZIB Ul AKLAQ”. He founded
a college in Aligarh in 1875, viz.AMU.
· The Deoband Movement: Ulema under M. Qasim Nanotavi
& Rashid Gangehi founded “the school of Deoband” in Saharanpur Distt. Of UP. It welcomed the foundation of
INC and issued a decree against Sayad Ahmad Khan.
= =>Genesis of Indian
Freedom Movement
· A Britain Committee of INC was founded in
London, it had its magazine, Named: India.
· S. N. Banerjee was the 1st person
to go to jail while doing his duty as a Journalist.
· British promoted Sayyid Ahmad Khan &
Raja Shiv Prasad of Banaras to create a rift in the Harmony in Indian masses.
·
=>Lal, Bal, Pal: were Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak & Bipin
Chandra Pal.
=>Partition of
Bengal: Vice
Roy Lord Curzon, who had come in India in 1889, Bengal had turned into the
nursery of Young Revolutionaries. British Government felt the fear raised by
Integration of Hindus & Muslims Revolutions. To create a rift between
Hindus & Muslims, they visualized the plan of DIVIDE & RULE. Hence,
divided into 2 state West Bengal(With Hindu Majority) & East Bengal(With
Muslim Majority). They announced this partition in 1905. Swadeshi & Boycott Movement were used by People to raise a protest
against this scheme.
=>Congress Session Of
INC-1906-Kolkata: Presided by Dada Bhai Naoroji, a demand for Attainment of
Swaraj for India(came
for the 1st time)
=>Surat Split(1907): INC saw a split in itself, between Extremists
& Moderators. Moderators wanted to modify the Kolkata proposal &
Extremists wanted to intensify it.
==>Formation Of Muslim League: League was formed by Agha Khan & Nawab
Salimullah of Dacca, to promote a sense of loyalty towards the British
Government & to protect political rights & other interests of Muslims.
==>Marley Minto Reforms(1909): 1)one Indian, S.P. Sinha was inducted into
Governor-General Executive Council. 2)Separate Electorate was introduced.
==>Indian National Movement during 1st
World War(1914-18): India was declared as a party on the
side of Britain. That implies they can use Indian resources & Soldiers
without any sanction. That enraged Indian Leaders, but moderates were in the
view of helping Britain.
=>The Lucknow Session of INC(1916): both Extremists & Moderates attended
this session unitedly, Even INC & Muslim league came together(Through a
pact called Lucknow
Pact )
==>The Lucknow Pact: came at Annual session of INC at Lucknow
in 1916.
=>Results of Lucknow Pact
· ·The Lucknow Pact gave the impression of Hindu-Muslim unity in the national political scene. But it was only an impression and short-lived. The agreement between the parties on a separate communal electorate formally established communal politics in India.
· Through this pact, the INC also tacitly
accepted that India consisted of two different communities with different interests.
· This pact pushed the hitherto less
relevant Muslim League into the forefront of Indian politics along with the
Congress Party.
==>Home
Rule League: Two such leagues were formed in India at the same. One by Bal
Gangadhar Tilak in Poona in April 1916 & other in Madras by Annie Basent in
September 1916 both aimed for a Home Rule or Self Government in India.
==>Partition
of Bengal undone: This act was annulled in 1911, which gave enough confidence to
Extremists.
==>Gaddar
Movement: Founded
in San Francisco(US), by Sohan Singh Bhakna in1913.The aim was an armed
revolution against the British in India. Weekly: Ghadar, Recognised by Lala
HardaRyal. Who had founded an “Indian Independence Committee” in Berlin, He wanted to moralized NRIs for this cause
to send explosives.
==>Gandhian
Phase: Gandhiji came back in India in 1915, His 1st attempt
was in Champaran(Bihar) Satyagraha in 1917, then Ahmadabad Textile Mills and
Kheda.
==>Rowlett
Act 1919: Introduced
in Government
of India Act, 1919 also known as Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, it empowered Govt.to put anybody in Jail, suggested by British
Sedition Committee(1917). Gandhi Ji set up “ROWLETT COMMITTEE”.
==>Government
of India Act 1919: Government of India Act, 1919 also known as Montagu-Chelmsford
Reforms which came into force in 1921. It was instituted in the British Indian
polity to introduce the Diarchy, i.e., rule of two which means executive
councilors and popular ministers.
==>Khilafat Movement: To force
the British govt. to change their attitude towards Turkey. A khilafat committee
was formed containing Ali brothers, Maulana Abdul Kalam
Azad and Haqim Ajmal Khan. Gandhi suggested to khilafat
committee for a non-violent Non-Cooperation Movement. Gandhi found it as an
opportunity to cement Hindu & Muslim harmony & to get Muslims in
Freedom Movement
==>The
Non-Cooperation Movement(1920): Started by Gandhi Ji demanding Govt. to:
1) Redressal of Punjab wrong, Khilafat wrongs 2) Establishing “SWARAJ”.
To fund this Movement, he founded a
“SWARAJ FUND”. Visit of Prince of Wales in 1921 saw
country-wide protests, Hartals. (Sadly, Tilak Ji expired on Aug 1,1920). During That Movement, people gave up
titles conferred on them.
==>Chaura-Chori: witnessed the burning
of Police picket by masses( 5 Feb 1922). Resulting, Gandhi Called off the
movement(12 Feb.)
==>Swaraj Party(1923): sudden call of the movement, left
a faction(led by Patel & Rajendra Prasad Called No-Changer) in INC disgusted. They opposed entry into Council, while
the other faction including C.R. Das & ML Nehru(Called as Swarajists) advocated entry to expose weaknesses of Govt within.
On December 22, C.R. Das formed a new party named ‘SWARAJ PARTY’. Thus, Das and Nehru thought of contesting
elections to enter the legislative council to obstruct a foreign government.
Many candidates of the Swaraj Party got elected to the central legislative
assembly and provincial legislative council in the 1923 elections. In these
legislatures, they strongly opposed the unjust government policies.
=>1st
split in Swaraj Party: into No changers & Swarajists,
=>2nd
split in Swaraj Party(1925): Into Responsive Cooperation Party ty & Swaraj Party.
The Responsive
Cooperation Party was a political party operating in the Indian
independent Movement and was established by M.R.Jayakar, B.S.Moonje,
N.C. Kelkar and others. The party was a splinter from the Motilal Nehru
-led the Swaraj Party, which was further split by the formation of
the Independent Congress Party and the Nationalist Party. The Responsive Cooperationists had
become opposed to the concept of Non-Cooperation with
the government of the British Raj and Jayakar's move away from the
Swaraj Party was evident by October 1925.
=>The Simon Commission(1928):
British
The government appointed this Commission to look into the working
of the Government of India, Act 1919. & to suggest further
reforms. It was headed by Sir John Simon. It was all white commission
with no Indian as Member. That inflamed Indian Masses.
=>Delhi Proposals: Few members of the Muslim League were not ready
to go for the boycott of Simon Commission, then, after persuading Jinnah,
compromise proposal evolved which is called Delhi Proposal in 1927. Its
features were:1) doing away with separate electorates 2) & 1/3 Muslim
representation & reserved seats for minority. A faction of the Muslim League
led by Mohammad Shafi refused to give up separate electorate & decided to
work with Commission. & Hindu Communalists
bitterly opposed.
=>The Nehru Report(1928): was finalized at
Lucknow in 1928, was drafted by M.L. Nehru & Tej Bahadur Sapru. It
formulated a Dominion Status Constitution, Joint Electorate everywhere, Reserved Seats For Muslims at the
center & provinces with Muslim minority, not Numerical Minority. But, by
March 1929, Jinnah joined Shafi and forwarded 14 points, including:1)New provinces 2)1/3 seats at
Centre 3)Federation with complete
Provincial Autonomy. This report is memorable for its framework of Subjects
List for Centre 7 provinces & Fundamental Rights.
= =>Butler Report( March 1929): Lord Irwin set up to go
into paramountcy question under Harcourt Butler.
= =>Simon Boycott: landed at Bombay on Feb
3,1928, saw all major cities & town a complete Hartal. Led boycott of
British Goods. Meanwhile, Lala Lajpat Rai received fatal injuries in the hands
of the police in Lahore. Congress decided that if the govt. didn’t accept
the demand for Dominion Status by end of
the year, then would ask for complete Independence accompanied by Civil
Disobedience Movement.
= =>Revolutionary Terrorism: Getting disillusionment with the congress leadership
among educated young Indians, they resorted to Revolutionary terrorism
especially in Bengal, Punjab & UP.E.G. an Englishman was killed by Gopinath
Saha in Jan. 1924, though the real target was Calcutta Notorious Police
commissioner Tegart. Then,
Sachin Sanyal & Jogesh Chandra Chatterji,
Bengalis living in UP organized the Hindustan Republican Association & started
raising funds through Decoities. After the Kakori Train Hold-up
of August 1925, most members were arrested. Left out member drew in a new
recruit & cladding, made links with Punjab group under Bhagat Singh &
Constituted Hindustan Socialist Army in September 1928.
= =>Hindustan Socialist Republican Army: In Bengal, revolutionaries
were led by Surya Sen of Chittagong, they seized the local armory on April
18,1930, and proclaimed independence in the name of Indian Republican
Army.
= =>Saunders Murder: December 1928 as a revenge for the assault on
Lala Laj Pat Rai,
=> Bombing the Legislative Assembly: by Bhagat Singh & Batukeshwar
Dutt on April 8,1928.(aimed to make the deaf hear), they were arrested and “Lahore
conspiracy case” was initiated.
=>Attempt to Blow Irwin’s Train: Near Delhi in December
1929, AND similar series of terrorism actions in Punjab & UP were seen.//Bhagat Singh wrote: “Why am I an atheist”.
=>Jatin Das: another Member of HSRA died in
jail after 64 day Hunger strike for improvement in the status of Political
prisoners.
=>Irwin Offer( October 31,1929): to get an attendance of
INC member at next Round Table Conference, it lured by offering:
1.Withdraw all
ordinances and end prosecutions 2 Release
all political prisoners, except those guilty of violence 3Permit peaceful picketing of liquor and
foreign cloth shops
4. Restore confiscated
properties of the Satyagrahis 5. permit free collection or manufacture of salt
by persons near the sea-coast 6. Lift the ban over the Congress.
=>But, Gandhi Ji offered to accept this offer on 4 Conditions(November 2): 1)Conference
should discuss the details of the Dominion Status. 2) Congress should have
majority representation in the conference. 3)There should be an amnesty &
policy of general conciliation 4) The conference should not discuss the basic
principle of Dominion Status. Irwin rejected these conditions on December 23.
=> Lahore Congress & Purna
Swaraj: This session under the
presidentship of J.L. Nehru adopted the creed of “Purna Swaraj” instead of Dominion
Status. The national Tricolor was unfurled on the bank of Ravi amidst cries of Vande-Matram
& Inqilab Zindabad. Jan 26 was fixed for 1st
independence day.A decision of preparing for the Civil Disobedience campaign was
taken.
=> Civil Disobedience
Movement(1930-31): Gandhi Ji's Ultimatum in 11 points: 1) 50% cut in army expenditure & Civil Service Salaries,
2) Total Prohibition 3)Release of political prisoners. 4) Reform of the CID
department 5) regarding firearms license 6) lowering of Rupee-Sterling exchange
ratio, 7)Textile protection 8) abolition of salt tax 9) End of monopoly on salt
production. 10) Reservation of coastal shipping for Indians only 11)50%
reduction in Land Revenue. Since Govt. sent no response, so Civil Disobedience
was the only resort to take of. Gandhi Ji started it with a break of Salt law.
=> Dandi March(March 12-April 6):
He started
from Sabarmati Ashram to Sea coast. Interestingly a large no. of women also
participated, that movement attracted worldwide attention & publicity.
This movement accompanied by Boycott of foreign cloth & liquor. After the arrest of Gandhi
Ji, Working Committee sanctioned non- payment of revenue & chowkidari Tax &
violation of Forest Law.
=>1st Round Table Conference: While CDM was still
continuing, The report of Simon commission was published. It made no mention of
Dominion Status. The viceroy suggested a Round Table Conference on July 9 under
the chairmanship of P.M. Ramsay MacDonald. Congress along with business
fraternity (except Homi Modi) kept away from the conference. But, Muslim leaders
& liberals like Sapru, Chintamani, Srinivas Shastri, and princes were
attendees. But, it failed especially on minority & untouchable issue.
=> 2nd RT conference ( September 17,1931 to
December 13, 1931): Mahatma Gandhi
accepted the offer to attend the RTC. But,
the matter of Minority issue, 2 new provinces creation came as deadlock
to 2nd RTC. Here,
the notorious Communal Award was revoked.
=> 3rd RTC(November
17-24,1932): Some 46 delegates attended the
conference. Here, some features of GoI act 1935 were added.
=> Communal Award (1932): For minorities & depressed class, Mahatma
Gandhi objected it & went to a “FAST UNTO DEATH” in Yarvada Jail.
Consulting it with B.R. Ambedkar a compromise pact resulted which is called “Poona Pact”, which said of
reservation in Hindu Seats for Depressed Class.
=>August Offer (1940): By Lord Linlithgo on August 8,1940. It was a set of proposals
for Congress to secure cooperation in world war II ( In March 1940, Congress met at Ramgarh in Bihar
in its annual session. Congress passed a resolution offering the British
Government support in the war, if a provisional National Government is set up at
Centre.), promising the expansion of the Executive
Council of the Viceroy of India to include more Indians, the establishment of
an advisory war council, giving full weight to the minority opinion, and the
recognition of Indians' right to frame their own constitution ... But, congress didn’t
give it in. Then, they gave an alternate proposal: 1) After the war, a representative “Constitution
Making Body” shall be appointed immediately after the war. 2) The number of the
Indians in the Viceroy’s Executive council will be increased. 3) war
Advisory Council would be set up.
=>The Individual Satyagraha(1940): British Govt. dragged
India in world war II without consulting Indian Leaders. Objecting to it,
Congress ministries resigned.INC decided of Civil Disobedience Movement as Individual
Satyagraha. Vinoba Bhave was the 1st Individual Satyagrahi.
=> The
Cripps Mission(1940): Having seen a defeat by Japanese, British
Govt. was forced to persuade Indian Leader to get a cooperation in World War
II. The Japenese had won Burma & Eastern India Areas. So British Govt. offered to
open Talks with Indian Leaders. Other ally Nation Heads also forced Britain. So,
when found it unavoidable, they sent Sir Stafford Cripps to hold talks with Indian Leaders. The talks
failed as the mission offered 1) Dominion Status but 2) Constitution Assembly, where members from
princely states w’d be nominated by Princes, not by
people.
*Question :* स्वतंत्र भारत के प्रथम गवर्नर जनरल कौन था।
*Answer :* लॉर्ड माउंटबेटन
*Question :* भगत सिंह को फांसी की सजा सुनाने वाला न्यायाधीश कौन था।
*Answer :* जी.सी. हिल्टन
*Question :* महात्मा गांधी के राजनीतिक गुरु कौन थे।
*Answer :* गोपाल कृष्ण गोखले
*Question :* सबसे कम उम्र में फांसी की सजा पाने वाला क्रांतीकारी कौन था।
*Answer :* खुदीराम बोस
*Question :* कांग्रेस का विभाजन कब व किन दलों में विभक्त हुई।
*Answer :* 1907 नरम दल व गरम दल (सूरत अधिवेशन)
*Question :* इंग्लैंड में भारतीय सुधार समिति की स्थापना किसने की।
*Answer :* दादा भाई नौरोजी
*Question :* साइमन कमीशन को और किस नाम से जाना जाता है।
*Answer :* वाइट मैन कमीशन
*Question :* कांग्रेस के प्रथम मुस्लिम अध्यक्ष कौन थे।
*Answer :* बदरुद्दीन तैयबजी
*Question :* डंडा फौज का गठन किसने किया था।
*Answer :* चमनदीव (पंजाब)
*Question :* निरंकारी आंदोलन की शुरूआत किसने की थी।
*Answer :* दयालदास
*Question :* मराठा साम्राज्य के संस्थापक कौन थे।
*Answer :* शिवाजी
*Question :* शिवाजी द्वारा लगाए गए दो कर कौन से थे।
*Answer :* चौथ, सरदेशमुखी
*Question :* लम्पट मूर्ख किसे कहा जाता था।
*Answer :* जहांदार शाह को
- भारतीय संविधान के महत्वपूर्ण प्रश्न -
*Question :* रंगीला बादशाह किसे कहा जाता था।
*Answer :* मुहम्मदशाह को
*Question :* ईरान का नेपोलियन किसे कहा गया।
*Answer :* नादिरशाह को
*Question :* मुगल दरबार में आने वाला प्रथम अंग्रेज कौन था।
*Answer :* कैप्टन हॉकिन्स
*Question :* गुरुमुखी लिपी का आरंभ किसने किया।
*Answer :* गुरु अंगद ने
*Question :* खालसा पंथ की स्थापना किसने की।
*Answer :* गुरु गोविन्द सिंह ने
*Question :* अजमेर में मेयो कॉलेज की स्थापना किसने की।
*Answer :* लॉर्ड मेयो
*Question :* शिमला समझौता कब हुआ।
*Answer :* 1945 ई.
*Question :* फोर्ट विलियम कॉलेज की स्थापना किसने की।
*Answer :* लार्ड वेलेजली ने
*Question :* गदर पार्टी की स्थापना किसने की थी।
*Answer :* लाला हरदयाल, काशीराम
*Question :* फॉरवर्ड ब्लॉक संस्था के संस्थापक कौन थे।
*Answer :* सुभाष चंद्र बोस
*Question :* तात्या टोपे का वास्तविक नाम क्या था।
*Answer :* रामचन्द्र पांडुरंग
*
More Modern History
=>Sardar Udham Singh:
=>Quit India Movement (QIM,1942): QIM was passed on August 8,1942 in
the AICC Bombay Session, asking people to assume the leadership if AICC leaders
get arrested. On that day Gandhi Ji made his famous “Do
or Die” speech, opposing this resolution 2 Communist members of AICC,
namely Bhulabhai & Rajaji resigned. Govt.
The showed the most brutal face, armed with draconian measures & suppressed
the basic civil liberties. Also, the adversities meeting Britain in WW 2 added
to the mood of Indian masses. On August 9, Gandhi Ji and many
members of CWC members were arrested.
Here, people took their own course & turned Violent. This movement was
predominantly urban and had elements like hartals, strikes & clashes with
police. In some areas, secret parallel- governments were formed like Tamluk in Midnapur, Satara in Maharastra and Talchar in
Orissa. Govt. resorted to intense repression unleashed by Govt. Wavell came as the
Viceroy in October 1943.
=>Indian National Army (1943):): Subhash Chandra Bose joined in 1943, in Singapore as Azad Hind Fauz. The
idea was conceived by Mohan Singh Bakhna( An officer in British Indian Army) at
Mallaya. 1st division of INA in July 1943 with Japenese Help.They
adopted Tricolor flag, had an “Azad Hind Radio”
Bose gave the Slogan “Jai Hind” & “You give me your blood, I will give you
Freedom” & a War slogan ‘Delhi Chalo’.British Govt. was forced by US Govt&
Allies Power. Another Regiment was formed named “Rani
Jhansi Regiment”. Bose was the 1st
person to call Gandhi Ji “Father of Nation”. Bose
set 2 head Quarters of INA in 1) Rangoon & 2) Singapore. In May 1944,
captured “Mowdok” & hoist Tricolour. Japan
also captured Andaman & Nicobar & gave to Bose, who renamed Andaman as “Shaheed” & Nicobar as “Swaraj”.
But, the Fortune of War turned otherwise to the Japanese side & was forced to
retreat from the Indo-Bhutan border. Then, INA surrendered before the British Army
in 1945.
=> INA Trials: Advocates for Defence – Bhula Bhai Desai, Tej Bahadur Sapru
& Aruna Asaf Ali. The Trials were held at Red Fort. The accused: Shah
Nawaj Khan, Gurudyal Dillon & Prem Sahgal.
=>Day of Deliverance:
was a celebration day marked by the
All-India Muslim League and others on 22 December 1939 during the Indian
independence movement.
=>Pakistan Day: Pakistan Resolution Day, also Republic Day, is a national holiday in Pakistan commemorating the Lahore
Resolution passed on 23 March 1940 and the adoption of the first constitution of Pakistan during the transition of the Dominion
of Pakistan to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan 23 March 1956 making
Pakistan the world's first Islamic Republic. A Republic Day parade by the
Armed Forces are often part of the celebrations.
=>CR Formulae(1944): CR
formulae came to resolve the deadlock for Muslim League cooperation. This formula included a tactic acceptance of the Demand of Pakistan. [.but, will be
applicable only if there is a transfer of full power by Britain.]. This
formula said: 1) Common center. 2)All were to vote in the plebiscite, while League wanted only Muslims to vote.
=>Desai-Liaqat Pact (1945):
For formation of
Interim Govt.- 1)Equal No. of
members will be nominated by the Congress & Muslim League. 2) There will be
a representation of minorities.
Failed as no consent between Congress
& Muslim League.
=>Hindu
Mahasabha: Punjab
Hindu Sabha formed in 1909, its leaders were: U.N. Mukherjee & Lal Chand. (Lal Chand declared: “I m Hindu 1st &
Indian Later”). All India Hindu
Mahasabha by Hindu Leaders in Allahabad in 1915 under President Ship of Maharaja of Kasim Bazar. Under the leadership of V D Savarkar
in 1938 Hindu Mahasabha got its Political Wing with the popular concept of Hindu Rashtra. Next Dr. Shayama Prasad Mukherjee
gave it a more political look, to counter Muslim League Demand of Pak, Mahasabha raise
of Akhand Hindustan. RSS founded by Hedgewar in
1925., its doctrine coded in booklet “we”.
=>
Wavell Plan & Shimla
Conference(1945): To
make Muslim league rowing in the same boat, Viceroy came out with a
plan. He summoned a conference in Shimla of all political parties in 1945. It
related to the formation of the Interim Government. The features of his plan: 1)Except Governor-General & Chief In commanders all
other members in Governor-general Executive Council will be Indians. 2) There
will be an equal representation of Muslims & Hindus 3) Thus Constituted Council
will be the Interim Government. 4) Governor-General will have the power of Veto
on the advice of Ministers.
Here, the Muslim League wanted only itself to
choose all Muslim members. Congress opposed it, so this plan failed. At this
point, British PM & Wavell announced the election of 1945-46. =>Election of
!945-46: Congress won all NWFP while
Muslim League got a majority in Bengal & Sindh.
=>Revolt
Of Rin Ratings91946):
On February 18,1946, in Bombay & Karachi for discriminative treatment to
Indian Sailors. They hoisted Congress & Muslim League flags on ships, By
February 22, spread all over the country. The Hindu-Muslim students &
workers supported them. Sardar Patel & Jinnah manage to persuade them &
strike ended on 23rd
=> Cabinet Mission Plan(1946): Consisted of 3 members,viz. Lord Patrick-Lawrence
(Secretary of state for India), Sir
Stafford Cripps ( President of the Board of Trade) & A.V. Alexander ( 1st Lord of
Admiralty) came on March 19, 1946, it was directed earlier that the issue of
Minorities should not be an obstacle, They talked to all leaders but met with
no way out. So they brought out their own proposal in May 1946, like:
1)Will be a union of India, comprises of all
British Provinces, all princely states with the center as the nucleus of power.
There was no idea of Pak, but India will be 3 groups. 2)
Constitution Assembly members will be elected on the communal basis by provincial
legislative assemblies. 3) An Interim Government
was recommended to have representation of all major political parties. Muslim
League accepted this proposal in June !946 while Congress accepted later but
declined to make a government.
=> Formation of Interim Govt. & Direct Action Day:
League was much happy as Congress opted to step out at that time League
offered to make a government But, Viceroy didn’t entertain this offer. League withdrew its support but Congress accepted the plan, Persuaded Nehru
to take the office. He was appointed as a Vice President of The Union in
September 1946, It enraged the Muslim league, they proclaimed “Direct Action Day” on 16 August 1946 with a
war cry “Lekar Rahenge Pakistan, Ladkar lenge
Pakistan”. Then, India witnessed bloody riots in Bengal, Bihar.
Muslim League joined in Interim Govt in October, !946. League adopted the obstructionist
tactics and it led to fresh riots in E.Bengal.
=> Attlee
Announcemwnt (20 feb, 1947):
He stated his plans to transfer the power in India to responsible hands not
later than June 1948. That gave birth to chaotic conditions in India. The Muslim
League was keen on getting a Muslim Nation. Hereafter, Mahatma Gandhi announced, “INDIA WILL BE DIVIDED ONLY OVER MY BODY”. The Muslim
League kept on following its ways of Bloody violence, especially in Kolkata,
Punjab & NWFP.
=> Lord Mountbatten came to India as Viceroy. The Mountbattens
arrived in India in March 1947 to an atmosphere of
distrust and conflict. Nehru, Mahatma Gandhi and the INC wanted a united,
secular India, while the Muslim League, led by Mohammad Ali Jinnah,
was pressing for the division of India to create a separate
Muslim state: Pakistan.
=>Lord Mountbatten Plan (June 3, 1947): He found a very
gruesome situation in India, He was given a task to transfer the power in united
Indian Hands but the question of partition made things worst he realized soon
partition is inevitable since no compromise was in sight so he forwarded his own
plan (which is also called “Plan Of V.P. Menon” & “June
3rd Plan”). Its Provisions were:
1) Provincial legislative assembly of Punjab & Bengal
will meet in 2 groups,1 for Muslim majority areas and 2nd group for the rest of the
population. Would vote for Partition if either vote for Partition. Province will
be parted.
2) The provincial legislative assembly of Sindh would its own
decision. There will be a referendum in the NWFP & Sylhet District of Bengal.
4) A boundary Commission under REDCLIFF constituted.
=> Outcomes of
Mountbatten Plan:
No.
|
Part
|
Method
|
Decision
|
Outcome
|
1.
|
Punjab &
Bengal
|
Legislative Assembly to decide
|
For Partition
|
E. Bengal
& West Punjab joined Pakistan
|
2.
|
Sind
|
Legislative
Assembly to decide
|
Joined
to Pak.
|
Resulted as a
district in East Bengal.
|
3.
|
NWFP &
Sylhet
|
Referendum
|
Joined to
Pak.
|
joined
Punjab.
|
4.
|
Princely
States
|
Asked to join
Pak or India
|
=>Indian Independence Act, 1947: To
give effect to 3rd June plan, this bill was introduced on 4th
July, passed and on 18th July got Royal assent. The Dominion of
Pakistan was inaugurated in Karachi 14 august 1947. On 12’ O clock, Nehru gave
his famous speech “Tryst with Dynasty”, Mountbatten
as Governor-General & Jawahar Lal Nehru as Prime Minister. While Gandhi Ji made a tour to hate, violence &
riot-torn Bengal.
=> Integration of Princely States: As this plan had said nothing clear about
princely states. They had to join either Pak or India before 15th
august for which they had to sign “Instrument of Accession”. Most of them decided either
way(By 15 august, 562 states joined India), few declared their Independence(Like
Kashmir, Hydrabad & Junagarh), which were taken into Indian Union by
effective tactics by Patel & his secretary V.P. Menon. Small princely
states joined neighboring provinces & disappeared altogether.
memorize all Governor Generals and Viceroys of British India (1773–1948)GOVERNOR GENERALS
हँसेगा कौन ? जॉन वेल्ला बारा मिनिट हँसेगा हैमर लेकर
Warren Hastings - हँसेगा
Lord Cornwallis - कौन
Sir John Shore - जॉन
Lord Wellesley - वेल्ला
Sir George Barlow - बारा
Lord Minto I - मिनिट
Lord Hastings - हँसेगा
Lord Amherst - हैमर लेकर
बंटी मत कैफे में ओक, एलियनब्रो हरदिन हाउस क्लीनिंग करता है
9. Lord William Bentick - बंटी
10. Lord Metcalfe - मत कैफे में
11. Lord Auckland - ओक
12. Lord Ellenborough - एलियनब्रो
13. Lord Hardinge I - हरदिन
14. Lord Dalhousie - हाउस
15. Lord Canning - क्लीनिंग करता है
VICEROYSकैंटीन की अल्गी जानलेवा है , मेयर ने ब्रोकर से लिटमस रिपोर्ट मांगी, डफर ने डाऊनलोड की अल्गी 2
Lord Canning - कैंटीन की
Lord Elgin I - अल्गी
Lord John Lawrence - जानलेवा है
Lord Mayo - मेयर ने
Lord Northbrook - ब्रोकर से
Lord Lytton - लिटमस
Lord Ripon - रिपोर्ट मांगी
Lord Dufferin - डफर ने
Lord Landsdown - डाऊनलोड की
Lord Elgin II - अल्गी 2
VICEROYSCousin and Minto Hardly Chemistry Reading, Ironman Will discover Lithium Wave Battery
11. Lord Curzon - Cousin and
12. Lord Minto II - Minto
13. Lord Hardinge II - Hardly
14. Lord Chelmsford - Chemistry
15. Lord Reading - Reading
16. Lord Irwin - Ironman
17. Lord Willingdon - Will discover
18. Lord Linlithgow - Lithium
19. Lord Wavell - Wave
20. Lord Mountbatten - Battery
→Interim Goverment of 1946:
On 2nd September 1946, the newly-elected Constituent Assembly formed an interim government of India which existed till 15th August 1947. The executive branch of the interim government was served by the viceroy's executive council that was headed by the Viceroy of India. It was composed of 12 members including 3 Muslims nominated by Congress. It was for the first time since the coming of British that the Government of India was in Indian's hand. On 26th October, five nominees of the League joined the Government. Congress appointees redesigned to make room for the League nominees (Two seats were already vacant while Mr. Sarat Bose, Syed Ali Zahir and Sir Shafat Ahmed Khan resigned). The portfolios of the composite fourteen-member government were as follows:
Members of Interim Government
| |
Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru
|
Vice President of the Executive Council, External Affairs and Commonwealth Relations
|
Vallabhbhai Patel
|
Home, Information and Broadcasting
|
Baldev Singh
|
Defence
|
Dr. John Mithai
|
Industries and supplies
|
C. Rajagopalachari
|
Education
|
C.H Bhabha
|
Works, Mines and Power
|
Rajendra Prasad
|
Food and Agriculture
|